effects of christianity on african traditional religions pdf

Bacon’s sermon tried to modify the behavior of the slaves for the betterment of white society. Eds. People were afraid to cheat on other people. Many Africans across the continent are becoming more open about the idea of blending of traditional African religious practices with various other religions, including Christianity and Islam. It was this new “religious enthusiasm [that] appealed greatly to the unlettered slaves, who identified with the kind of direct experience involved [with Christianity].” (Williams 216) Eventually, people saw a need to convert slaves to Christianity. For many, Christianity is an answer for all their queries. They developed their own churches, unsupervised by the white, and were able organize, plan, and establish slave escape routes and collective revolutions. Yeshua was said to have come from the tribe of judah who all married cannanite women (descendants of ham) more evidence of an African messiah. Ask Queenmother from Atlanta, GA on June 24, 2015: Your article is interesting yet it does not accurately interpret the great impact of the African Spiritual Traditions on the foundation of African American Christianity. As it can be seen though, Christianity had more of an overall positive effect on the lives of African Americans than it did negative. The revival This showed the whites that Christianity (and other religions) were not really creating peaceful slaves, but were actually promoting communities that were capable of rising up against the slave-masters. African religious traditions were considered ‘primitive’ or even ‘uncivilized’ by the slave masters. Traditional African approaches in the light of natural values, and of modern secular attitude If we are going to speak of traditional African concepts and customs regarding marriage and the family, a few clarifications are called for. People saw that converting slaves to Christianity was a way to control them; but for the slaves, what began negatively would eventually come to benefit them. Many Christians hold that Christianity was brought to Egypt by the Apostle Saint Mark in the early part of the first century AD. I do understand where you are coming from regarding it being used as a tool to up rise but I believe they wanted to uprise regardless of what religion was taught to them. Williams, Peter. New York. He used his interpretation of Christian beliefs to justify slavery. This testifies to the enduring power of indigenous religion and its ability to domesticate Christianity and Islam in modern Africa. Christianity points fingers to the beliefs of the Igbo culture. Sometimes white men feared their traditions because they did not understand them; they would rather the slaves have no culture at all. The slaves were utilizing a religion that was once only a white man’s religion to foster a community with a sense of hope and optimism. Adherents of traditional religions in sub-Saharan Africa are distributed among 43 countries and are estimated to number over 100 million.. Scriptural passages in the Bible pointed out that slaves must be obedient and that there is a path to freedom. “The Invisible Institution.” Slave Religion. The beliefs and practices of the traditional religions in Africa can enrich Christian theology and spirituality." Christianity has an economic, religious and political roll in most places it has influenced and Africa is no exception. Thus, strictly speaking, religion in its pristine form is no longer in existence. When the European settlers discovered the communities in Africa, they saw opportunities for advancement of their society. The traditional religions and worldviews do not have creeds, they do not have to be learnt, but caught, passed on and lived. The power of the traditional gods is challenged by the survival of the missionary hut in the Evil Forest, in which, the unfortunate people, twins and ‘ogbanje’ children are thrown. Christopher Wanamaker (author) from Arizona on August 23, 2014: Thank you reading my article. In 1749, Thomas Bacon gave a sermon specifically to the black slaves of America. However the most dominant ones in Ghana and Africa are Islam and Christianity, both accounting for more than 90% of religious adherents, with the rest, including traditional beliefs, having less than 10% of adherents. Oh yes...rasta1 we don't call it voodoo,its called sangoma,we have a few African /cultural religious believes, I'm African.. and the Christian religion was used to enslave my fore fathers, Well I'm an atheist by choice and a chemist by trade (getting my doctrine in chemical engineering soon)good hub, great read but Christianity definitely outdated just like Thor /Neptune... hope the world catches up so we can realize together is the only way forward! 2) Duty and behavior toward the slave masters and mistresses. 3) Duty and behavior toward fellow servants. This succession of Patriarchs has remained unbroken down to the present day, making the Egyptian Christian, or Coptic, Church one of the oldest Christian churches in existence. It brought the slaves back together after generations of separation by creating communities and enabling them to organize and start a revolution ultimately leading to the end of slavery. presuppositions about life in a Traditional/Primal society. It brought the people together again, allowing them to fight for true justice. TRADITIONAL RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, PRACTICES AND IMPACTS OF CHRISTIANITY AMONG THE NYISHISI. Bacon, Thomas, “Christianity Shapes American Slavery.” Religion in American history: A Reader. And finally: 3) You [slaves] have been baptized and wish to call yourself Christian. 23-28, 216-219, 322-328. Spiritual conflicts exist between African Traditional Religion and Christianity. (Bacon 209-210). Hence, it cannot be avoided in the interaction between Christianity and African Traditional Religion. The term “Primal” is used to refer to religions which were there prior to the so-called “universal” religions such as Christianity, Islam, etc. Traditional African cultural practices paved the way for foreign way of doing things as Africans became fully ‘westernised’. On the other hand, Christianity held a dream of freedom and hope for the slaves, which was a very positive thing. Which means that slaves must be obedient to the masters, and are not to be Eye-servants. Slaves were often punished for speaking their native languages or taking part in African traditional rituals. Yet, African Americans resisted very little to conversion; it was only a matter of time before the slaves began to assume Christian identities. Roman Christianity was undoubtedly the religion created by those who conquered african nations. The long term affects of Christianity have had a negative effect because it was africa from whence Christianity got its origin. Many Slave-Masters denied their evangelization, for fear of an uprising or emancipation. Perhaps you never heard of the "Slaves Bible" where the scriptures that told of God's love for all mankind and scriptures that forbade slavery were eliminated for the White slave masters greed and rationalization. #285, 10 pages. At first, few were converted because of the white mans’ aversion to and fear of black Christians, and the notion of them acquiring legal rights. ... African Traditional Religion in Biblical Perspective, p. 78. No longer was reference made to African culture, it became barbarism. Ethiopia and egypt are the two most talked about countries in the bible. Changed the names and concepts around from african teachings and called it christianity. Just as the slave-traders captured Africans and brought them to the Americas, Bacon’s Sermons captured and converted many slaves to Christianity. In a relatively short time, Africa has gone from having a majority of followers of indigenous, traditional religions, to being predominantly a continent of Christians and Muslims. Their conversion and adaptation to Christianity held many positive and negative effects for the African Americans. Even though in the beginning it wasn’t acceptable for Negroes to be Christian, slave drivers made great efforts to eliminate the African culture. It was Christian beliefs that ‘justified’ and led slaveholders to their actions. Pg. A classificatory system which attempts to distinguish the principal responses The first is that the context of this article is sub-Sahara Africa. With Africa subjugated and dominated, the Western culture and European mode of civilisation began to thrive and outgrow African cultural heritage. (Bacon 211 - 214). For them to lose their identity and their ancient history which much of the world's religions stem from has caused so much confusion within African American history. Since 2013, traditional African religions are declared as the majority religion only in Togo. Asalways, I appreciate the comments and alternative perspective. 1. People saw phenomena such as weather, disease and … Bacon stated that there were four main duties that the slaves must adhere to: 1) Duty and Behavior toward God. It was a tool that they used to justify slavery. In this aspect, Christianity was a very good thing for the slaves to have come across. The early European missionaries brought Christianity to Africa and the religion was embraced by Africans. Christianity first acted as a slight justification of slavery but then became a stepping-stone toward African American emancipation from it. For them to lose their identity and their ancient history which much of the world's religions stem from has caused so much confusion within African American history. Communities were more capable of rebellion than a single individual. John Butler and Harry S. Stout. My article is a short synopsis of a very issue which was written from the point of view of the 4 references that I cited. These statements await further exploration by African theologians. "You [slaves] must love God." (Raboteau, 222) It was the religion of the people around the slaves that enabled them to witness the many positive and negative sides of Christianity at this time. It enabled the slaves to have fun, discuss and pass on escape route information, and just to ‘get away’ from life’s hardships. As things progressed, we eventually saw a distinct division between the Christianity of the whites, and the Christianity of the blacks. Your efforts are noteworthy but limited in perspective as it relates to the African slave religion. It seems Christianity has done the most in affecting the conscience of the black person in Africa. You seem to have a good spirit which also allows different points of views to be shared without condemnation. Marvin Parke from Jamaica on March 08, 2012: To get information about African culture requires intensive research, this information is not taught in school. Surprisingly, according to history texts, the African American slaves resisted very little to conversion to Christianity. Conflict is a universal phenomenon that is inevitable in human interaction. The African American slaves adapted the Christian religion to fit their needs; they blended old cultural elements with new Christian ideals. Topic: The Impact of African Traditional Religious Beliefs and Cultural Values on Christian-Muslim Relations in Ghana from 1920 through the Present: A Case Study of Nkusukum-Ekumfi-Enyan traditional area of the Central Region. It wasn’t until the Great Awakening of the 1740’s that we saw appreciable mass conversion of black American’s. Moreover, a slave at this time needed to have his master’s permission to be baptized. Christianity captured their hearts and literally saved their souls. Missiologists have worked more broadly on a correlation of Christianity with African culture as a whole, speaking in terms of an ethnotheology. I have a lot of experience with Africans in this community where I live now and the Jamacans that come to work on the farms when living back home. Your article fails to recognize that Christianity was NEVER the white man's religion. African Traditional Religion has been evolving; there is in it the element of continuity as well as discontinuity. Pg. Although the majority of Africans today are adherents of Christianity or Islam, African people often combine the practice of their traditional belief with the practice of Abrahamic religions. Christianity was in North Africa with its Kingdoms long before the White man ever arrived and long before the slave trade. The African Americans were forcibly and involuntarily brought to America to work as slaves under a new authority. doi:10.4102/ ve.v32i1.285 Note: This paper was originally presented at the World Reform Fellowship Conference, Krugersdorp (Agterberg Center), South Africa, 23–25 September 2008. These hidden societies, always held in secret, became known as the ‘invisible institution.’ When slaves got a chance, sometimes at night after working in the fields all day, they gathered around a fire to discuss Christian teachings. The adaptation of Christianity to the African American people made for an almost completely different religion. Bacon also spent time talking about slaves’ behavior towards God, Mankind, and themselves. I will be posting my own articles on how Africa shaped Christianity. on account of the persistent marginalisation of African Traditional Religion (ATR) in Sierra Leone by Islam and Christianity, to investigate the place of ATR in inter-religious encounters in the country since the advent of Islam and Christianity. The Europeans, however, unfortunately did not take into consideration the culture of the Africans like Polygamy, mode of dressing, mode of worship and other peculiar traits of the Africans. It definitely provokes thought. Do be indoctrinated with a European religion isn't my idea of a positive outcome when much of the old testament took place in africa. The African traditional religion or voodoo has helped us a lot especially in shaping our moral standards and giving us a sense of identity. Many were told that it was their duty to be a slave and that if they complied, they would be granted the rite of passage into heaven. Separated from everyone and everything they ever knew, and in the face of fear and adversity, they found Christianity. The whites’ Christianity said that slavery was just and that it was the slaves’ duty to be a slave. As in most of sub-Saharan Africa, ATR is the indigenous religion … Every aspect of it cannot be described as original. Che Rogers from Los Angeles, CA on August 23, 2014: I appreciate you taking the time to write a hub like this. Saint Mark's first convert in Alexandria was Anianus, a shoemaker who later was consecrated a bishop and became Patriarch of Alexandria after Saint Mark's martyrdom. You must “love him with all your heart, with all your mind, with all your soul, and with all your strength.” Other godly duties include: worship through prayer, fear, reverence of God, and truth. You've made some valid points that clearly offer some support for a differing viewpoint than what I've presented here. wˆéÄXw—ûëŽÈŽKæÖ»d*k¥kƒ¨ÿ Focusing on the positive aspects of this new religion, groups and gatherings of black people began to form to share a new set of collective goals and beliefs. The white men separated African Americans who spoke the same language or who were related. The Nature of Christian Values Christian values, unlike natural human values have a different source and reference point, There are other spiritual movements though. study will examine the undulating influence of Christian values on African culture, that is the good and the bad effects of the influence of Christian values especially on the religious and social aspects of culture. between Christianity and African Traditional Religion. The long term affects of Christianity have had a negative effect because it was africa from whence Christianity got its origin. Abstract: The inception, evangelization and missionary activities of Christianity and Islam in There is an urgent need for dialogue between Christianity and African Indigenous Religion (AIR), because the present version of Christianity and the increase in … ‘Christianity and the African traditional religion(s): The postcolonial round of engagement’, Verbum et Ecclesia 32(1), Art. Christianity has to address this traditional religious holism/organism and its pantheistic tendencies. Pg. The initiation of a Christian driven slave trade was a very detrimental blow to African culture; thus having a negative effect on the development of African Americans. The White Slave owner gave a "basterized" version of the scriptures and called it truth. Great hub. It toyed with the slaves’ hope of freedom and made them believe that if they worked well, and were obedient, that they would be rewarded in the afterlife. Evidence for this age comes in the form of the oldest Biblical papyri discovered in remote regions of Upper Egypt. This leads him into the whole area of theology of religions, in which the relationship between Christianity and other religions is currently the focus of lively debate. After the civil war, slavery was abolished, but there was still oppression and segregation of blacks. Traditional, animist religion saw humans as being subject to the whims of local gods. On 17 August 2016, an article titled, “The Damning Effects Of Religion In Africa,” written by Kofi Asamoah Okyere was published on Modernghana.com in which the writer sought to establish a case that religion impeded the development of Africa.. Slaves had to be faithful and honest to their masters. At some times travelling to Africa is necessary to gain insight. Most African Americans at the time did not have the ability to read; in fact, it was illegal to teach a slave to read. Christianity was embraced and spread rapidly in Africa because of factors inherent in its culture, such as African religiosity and the sense of being celebratory of life, which both go with communal existence. Which means that the slaves were supposed to look to God as the master of masters. Once Christianity got a good grip on the black community, they began forming their own church-like safe houses. Moses was born in egypt (africa). Before the arrival of Christianity, Islam and the other foreign religions, people were afraid to take other people's wives. There are multiple aspects of answering this question. America’s Religions. This is a pervasive religious worldview with a dominant and powerful influence on man in traditional Africa. Families were split apart and children were sold. This was evident in the 1831 slave rebellion lead by Nat Turner. “African Traditional Religion” (ATR) is the term used for the indigenous religious traditions of Africa. Since Christianity came in contact with the traditional religion, there has always been a sharp conflict between traditionalists and Christians. The Church in Africa has expressed the need to liberate Christianity from Western dominance, in its teaching, in structures and power base and in developing forms of worship and communication which are appropriate to Africans, and enable them to make the gospel message their own. “Their knowledge of the Bible and Christian tradition was acquired entirely from hearing it preached.” (Williams 217). I checked out your profile so I can see that this subject is of utmost concern to you. Bacon gave three reasons why slavery was just: 1) God made men and [the slaves], and he made them to serve him. precipitous decline of traditional cultural pursuits in the colonies. ¬p±Š!Va‰†µÙ…þÄÀ8?„‡„’ò)Ï>€Üò—$J«QÓ¹ÉˤaËۑPVë¤ÃœOJˤE/à¸5;D?Ϩåáó~C| ٔ”, Microsoft Word - DLitt et Phil Thesis.doc. Religion and culture as powerful institutions within society play a major role in shaping gender roles and perpetuating gender inequality and are powerful institutions within society. African Religion and its Influence on Christianity and Islam Traditional African religion has been the basis of spirituality for the people of Africa. Slaves were not to be secretive about anything and were supposed remember that God is always watching. Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2002. In Africa the traditional religions are a major source for the study of the African experience of God. between African traditional religion and the Christian faith. The African Americans were able to take what they heard and converse about the good things about Christianity had to offer them. I believe that with the advent of Christianity in parts of Africa, there has been a huge change is the amount of superstition. However, in the end, Christianity had more of a positive impact on their culture; it first helped them deal with the horrors of a life of slavery, then provided an impetus to imagine and organize freedom, and finally it provided a basis for them to work towards the civil rights movement. His goal was to instigate behavioral changes in the slaves and suppress future rebellions. Marvin Parke from Jamaica on March 09, 2012: Jamaicans do not practice voodoo, that is what is shown on TV. They made many attempts to remove the slaves’ culture from them. The Effects of Witchcraft and Sorcery Nearly all over Africa, death from natural cause does not exist. Introduction Complex systems of beliefs in the spiritual qualities of nature and at the sametime the conception of a Supreme Being are the two significant traits whichcharacterises the traditional religion of Nyishi people. Therefore, the Christian ideals that were overheard were open to interpretation. Since the introduction of slavery in the Americas in the early 1600’s, Christianity has had a powerful effect on the African American culture. Christianity now was the glue that held the black communities together and pushed them forward towards and through to the civil rights movement. The African Americans were forced to leave behind their traditions, religions, and culture. Christianity was something that the white men did. Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, in his Ecclesiastic History states that Saint Mark first came to Egypt between the first and third year of the reign of Emperor Claudius, which would make it sometime between AD 41 and 44, and that he returned to Alexandria some twenty years later to preach and evangelize. These papyri are written in the Coptic script and are older than even the oldest Greek copies of the Bible ordered by Constantine in AD 312. (Turner 1994a:129). 2) You [slaves] have souls that need to be saved. 215-256. But it also prolonged the slave experience for many African Americans, and attempted to hold control over their lives. Since it is a religion practised by living persons today, changes are to be expected. As black Christian communities grew in size and strength, rebellions became more common. Not the one modern day christians will lead you to believe who looks blonde hair and blue eyes. While Christianity brought many slaves together by creating communities, it held a completely different meaning for other Africans in slave-America. Slaves who were more docile and gullible would not be able free themselves from slavery; thus, it was a bad thing for them. Furthermore, gender relations within the religious and cultural communities are a reflection of gender relations within broader society. In particular, what is known variously as indigenous Christianity or independent churches have arisen throughout sub-Saharan Africa and prob- ably represent the largest current manifestation of traditional African religion, albeit in a pluralist context. Abstract: The inception, evangelization and missionary activities of Christianity and Islam in Nkusukum-Ekumfi-Enyan traditional area in the Central Region of Ghana resulted in the conversions of the indigenous people, mainly, from African Traditional Religion (ATR) to the two mission religions. 207-214, Raboteau, Albert. ˜kGÕæ Õ[OoÑÁ—:G %uþŽSøE®˜ºÖ¸ÅKy‹Z•3 ¤¹ø ž|8G6D‘Q*cêŽ{iµá´]W\p˜™ßPú&–×5g¯#Eë©ÜaUÞn¨4Ðnϝì ãÿ`³åßAÆHE$åGœJð fÔWF1¢¯¾Ëa⣞ñ£¨ M2E.TÄÚo®éHÖ"­»xqü}3zƒç™Þ»èh‰ÌÃʡظAjièê2KÍ`Μ½6-éo Ha±Î7ë ‚š#¼_1«¢4Eîx֊ǭ B@#÷Ý~ƒÛa欐ȏ§èœe!ÃN´È+Ü_TõAáZ Look forward to reading more of your hubs. African traditional religions have been washed away, and especially with Christianity, they are viewed as pagan and heathen in nature. 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